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高光譜性能光學(xué)薄膜研究進(jìn)展
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[導(dǎo)讀] 高光譜性能光學(xué)薄膜是國(guó)家重大光學(xué)工程、光電子產(chǎn)業(yè)的基石。為了提高光學(xué)薄膜的光學(xué)性能并開(kāi)發(fā)精確制備技術(shù),現(xiàn)有研究主要圍繞設(shè)計(jì)理念、監(jiān)控技術(shù)和薄膜材料等方面展開(kāi)。
 焦宏飛,汲小川,張錦龍,程鑫彬,王占山
(同濟(jì)大學(xué)物理科學(xué)與工程學(xué)院精密光學(xué)工程技術(shù)研究所,先進(jìn)微結(jié)構(gòu)材料教育部重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,上海市數(shù)字光學(xué)前沿科學(xué)研究基地,上海市全光譜高性能光學(xué)薄膜器件與應(yīng)用專業(yè)技術(shù)服務(wù)平臺(tái),上海200092)

摘要:高光譜性能光學(xué)薄膜是國(guó)家重大光學(xué)工程、光電子產(chǎn)業(yè)的基石。為了提高光學(xué)薄膜的光學(xué)性能并開(kāi)發(fā)精確制備技術(shù),現(xiàn)有研究主要圍繞設(shè)計(jì)理念、監(jiān)控技術(shù)和薄膜材料等方面展開(kāi)。目前,薄膜技術(shù)已經(jīng)取得了長(zhǎng)足進(jìn)步,能實(shí)現(xiàn)高光譜性能光學(xué)薄膜的魯棒性設(shè)計(jì),多種基于高光譜性能光學(xué)薄膜的精確制備技術(shù)相繼被提出。從薄膜設(shè)計(jì)、精確制備技術(shù)以及薄膜材料幾方面出發(fā),本文對(duì)現(xiàn)代高光譜性能光學(xué)薄膜研究進(jìn)行了回顧和討論,并對(duì)高性能光學(xué)薄膜潛在的挑戰(zhàn)和進(jìn)一步研究方向進(jìn)行了展望。
關(guān)鍵詞:光學(xué)薄膜及器件;魯棒性設(shè)計(jì);光學(xué)監(jiān)控;薄膜制備;計(jì)算制造

高光譜性能光學(xué)薄膜技術(shù)是現(xiàn)代光學(xué)和光電子系統(tǒng)的基石?,F(xiàn)代大科學(xué)裝置的發(fā)展對(duì)光學(xué)薄膜器件的光譜性能提出了越來(lái)越高的要求,然而,這種光學(xué)薄膜的材料生長(zhǎng)及加工難度極大、成本非常高。如用于引力波探測(cè)裝置的光學(xué)干涉鏡[1]、空間光學(xué)系統(tǒng)的高質(zhì)量薄膜[2]、用于激光聚變裝置、激光對(duì)抗系統(tǒng)中的薄膜器件[3]等。同時(shí),在消費(fèi)電子、光纖通信、生物醫(yī)學(xué)和激光制造等領(lǐng)域[45],薄膜器件的制造效率是影響其成本、競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的重要因素。因此,現(xiàn)代光學(xué)薄膜制造技術(shù)面臨著超高性能、高效率的迫切需求。

近幾十年來(lái),在重大光學(xué)工程、光學(xué)產(chǎn)業(yè)需求的牽引下,光學(xué)薄膜技術(shù)取得了長(zhǎng)足的進(jìn)步。在薄膜設(shè)計(jì)方面,基于20世紀(jì)50年代FlorinAbelès提出的薄膜光譜系數(shù)的矩陣計(jì)算方法[6],人們提出了GradualEvolution[7-8],F(xiàn)lip-FlopTechnique[9-10],NeedleOptimization[11-13],GeneticAlgorithms[14-16]等一系列薄膜設(shè)計(jì)算法。得益于現(xiàn)代薄膜設(shè)計(jì)方法和商業(yè)軟件[17-19]的發(fā)展,設(shè)計(jì)人員可以完成光譜性能要求苛刻的復(fù)雜膜系設(shè)計(jì),因此找到全局最優(yōu)的解析解顯得不再那么迫切。然而,在設(shè)計(jì)階段考慮誤差敏感性,提高設(shè)計(jì)的魯棒性是一個(gè)不容忽視的問(wèn)題[20-22]。一種普遍的魯棒性設(shè)計(jì)方法是通過(guò)在價(jià)值函數(shù)中增加懲罰項(xiàng)來(lái)降低誤差靈敏度[23]。隨著薄膜沉積過(guò)程研究的深入,在更全面的誤差因素上建立的計(jì)算制造實(shí)驗(yàn)有望幫助設(shè)計(jì)者篩選出最佳的薄膜設(shè)計(jì)[24]。然而,如何有效進(jìn)行極端性能光學(xué)薄膜的魯棒性設(shè)計(jì),仍然是一個(gè)亟待解決的問(wèn)題。

如果說(shuō)光學(xué)薄膜的魯棒性設(shè)計(jì)是現(xiàn)代高性能光學(xué)薄膜制造技術(shù)的關(guān)鍵問(wèn)題,那么薄膜厚度的精確制備則是生產(chǎn)高性能光學(xué)薄膜的核心問(wèn)題。電子束蒸發(fā)[25-26]、離子束濺射[27-28]等沉積技術(shù)的發(fā)展使薄膜制造的穩(wěn)定性不斷提升,為制備高性能光學(xué)薄膜提供了技術(shù)保障。鍍膜生產(chǎn)中,石英晶振監(jiān)控被廣泛應(yīng)用于各種沉積工藝[29]。在一些高能沉積工藝條件下,允許通過(guò)時(shí)間監(jiān)控薄膜厚度來(lái)制備色散薄膜[30]。然而,由于光學(xué)監(jiān)控對(duì)薄膜光學(xué)厚度的監(jiān)測(cè)精度更高[31-32],光學(xué)監(jiān)控依然是研究熱點(diǎn)。單波長(zhǎng)監(jiān)控方法與光學(xué)薄膜有著一樣悠久的歷史。目前,單波長(zhǎng)監(jiān)控方式已經(jīng)衍生出各種不同的監(jiān)控策略,如極值點(diǎn)監(jiān)控、差值監(jiān)控、擺動(dòng)值監(jiān)控等[33-34]。在制備多腔窄帶濾光薄膜時(shí),單波長(zhǎng)極值點(diǎn)監(jiān)控策略表現(xiàn)出極強(qiáng)的誤差自補(bǔ)償效應(yīng)[35]。最新的研究表明,在使用其他單波長(zhǎng)監(jiān)控策略制備非規(guī)整的光學(xué)薄膜時(shí)也存在誤差自補(bǔ)償效應(yīng)[36]?,F(xiàn)代計(jì)算機(jī)處理數(shù)據(jù)能力的巨大提升以及光電二極管和CCD探測(cè)器的發(fā)展,為寬光譜監(jiān)控技術(shù)的應(yīng)用開(kāi)辟了新的道路。與單波長(zhǎng)監(jiān)控相比,寬光譜監(jiān)控技術(shù)具有對(duì)測(cè)試數(shù)據(jù)隨機(jī)誤差靈敏度低的優(yōu)點(diǎn)[37],同時(shí)由于其具有寬帶光譜反演分析的特性,國(guó)內(nèi)外多家研究所已經(jīng)開(kāi)展了基于寬光譜監(jiān)控技術(shù)的薄膜制造策略的研究。寬光譜監(jiān)控中存在某種誤差自補(bǔ)償效應(yīng)[38-39],可減小監(jiān)控誤差對(duì)薄膜光譜性能的負(fù)面影響。在近30多年的研究中,人們逐漸認(rèn)識(shí)到,光學(xué)薄膜生產(chǎn)中監(jiān)控策略的選擇很大程度上取決于薄膜的種類[40-41]。

總的來(lái)說(shuō),現(xiàn)代高光譜性能光學(xué)薄膜的精確制備技術(shù)面臨著光學(xué)薄膜的魯棒性設(shè)計(jì)和監(jiān)控策略的正確應(yīng)用兩方面問(wèn)題。當(dāng)前,高性能光學(xué)薄膜的高效、確定性制備仍然是光學(xué)薄膜領(lǐng)域的難點(diǎn)問(wèn)題和研究熱點(diǎn)。

本文回顧了光學(xué)薄膜這一領(lǐng)域的近期發(fā)展,首先介紹光學(xué)薄膜的魯棒性設(shè)計(jì)的發(fā)展,其次介紹基于高光譜性能光學(xué)薄膜精確監(jiān)控的確定性制造技術(shù),然后將介紹混合膜領(lǐng)域以及rugate薄膜的相關(guān)生產(chǎn),最后對(duì)高光譜性能光學(xué)薄膜鍍膜技術(shù)進(jìn)行了總結(jié)和展望。

1高性能光學(xué)薄膜的設(shè)計(jì)
以目前的薄膜設(shè)計(jì)軟件和專業(yè)知識(shí),當(dāng)以光譜性能為唯一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)時(shí),找到薄膜設(shè)計(jì)問(wèn)題的解決方案是相對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單的。然而,在設(shè)計(jì)階段找到更簡(jiǎn)單且對(duì)制造誤差容忍度更高的設(shè)計(jì)方案則更具實(shí)際意義。制造誤差通常包括由沉積設(shè)備引起的隨機(jī)誤差、系統(tǒng)誤差、監(jiān)控誤差以及材料參數(shù)誤差等因素,因此,在設(shè)計(jì)階段考慮并降低誤差敏感性并非易事。

1.1光學(xué)薄膜的脫敏設(shè)計(jì)
解決光學(xué)薄膜的魯棒性問(wèn)題最常見(jiàn)的做法是先以光譜性能要求生成設(shè)計(jì),并檢查其誤差靈敏度。通常脫敏設(shè)計(jì)的簡(jiǎn)單方法是,抑制設(shè)計(jì)中的超薄層、優(yōu)化材料、甚至逆轉(zhuǎn)設(shè)計(jì),將敏感層放在最后。早期,加拿大國(guó)家研究院的Do?browolski提出一種在生成設(shè)計(jì)階段降低靈敏度的方法,即在評(píng)價(jià)函數(shù)中添加懲罰項(xiàng)[42],表達(dá)式如下:

MF=MF0+α∑twi∂MF∂xi,

其中:MF0是不受擾動(dòng)的評(píng)價(jià)函數(shù),wi是表示結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)xi的預(yù)期誤差水平的權(quán)重,α是用于權(quán)衡光譜性能和誤差的可調(diào)常數(shù)(0<α<1)。應(yīng)用此方法設(shè)計(jì)的增益平坦濾光薄膜降低了對(duì)隨機(jī)厚度誤差的靈敏度,制備該濾光片的成功率達(dá)到98%[43]。

2003年,Tikhonravov等在此基礎(chǔ)上提出一種變體[45],將二階項(xiàng)添加到泰勒級(jí)數(shù)中,簡(jiǎn)化后的二階表達(dá)式如下:

MF=MF0+a2∑t(wi∂MF∂xi)2.

此方法已經(jīng)在商業(yè)薄膜設(shè)計(jì)軟件中實(shí)現(xiàn),并在2011年成功應(yīng)用于色散薄膜的脫敏設(shè)計(jì)中[46]。

圖1
圖1(a)增益平坦濾光薄膜的魯棒性設(shè)計(jì)[44];(b)色散薄膜的脫敏設(shè)計(jì)[45]

此外,光學(xué)薄膜的設(shè)計(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)與薄膜材料的選擇也會(huì)直接影響多層薄膜的制備過(guò)程及難易程度。當(dāng)光線傾斜入射光學(xué)薄膜時(shí)不可避免地會(huì)產(chǎn)生偏振效應(yīng),即S偏振光與P偏振光特性產(chǎn)生分離,光學(xué)系統(tǒng)性能下降,因此需要通過(guò)光學(xué)薄膜的設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)偏振的調(diào)控。中國(guó)科學(xué)院上海技術(shù)物理研究所針對(duì)航天任務(wù)的應(yīng)用,設(shè)計(jì)了多種偏振效應(yīng)可調(diào)的分色鏡和增透膜。蔡清元等提出了一種基于介質(zhì)-金屬-介質(zhì)膜堆的消偏振濾光薄膜的簡(jiǎn)單設(shè)計(jì)方法[46]。段微波等利用光在金屬膜中傳播的傍軸傾向特性,選用金屬銀和Ta2O5,SiO2作為光學(xué)薄膜的材料設(shè)計(jì)用于空間環(huán)境下量子通信的保偏反射膜[47]。基于金屬-介質(zhì)設(shè)計(jì)的光學(xué)薄膜對(duì)厚度誤差敏感性低,對(duì)膜厚控制要求低,然而金屬吸收率高,光譜效率低等問(wèn)題限制它在強(qiáng)激光中的應(yīng)用。因此,多層介質(zhì)薄膜成為應(yīng)用于強(qiáng)激光環(huán)境下的最佳選擇。Baumeister使用駐波比技術(shù)來(lái)匹配反射帶,設(shè)計(jì)了一個(gè)45°的消偏振帶通濾波器,然而這種設(shè)計(jì)多達(dá)7種材料[48],給制備帶來(lái)了困難。Thelen發(fā)現(xiàn)了另一種基于失諧F-P腔的新方法[49]。然而,這種濾光薄膜通常需要不規(guī)整的膜層結(jié)構(gòu)實(shí)現(xiàn)高透過(guò)率,制作過(guò)程復(fù)雜繁瑣,同時(shí)由于薄膜結(jié)構(gòu)的低容差和高敏感性,受監(jiān)控誤差和誤差累積效應(yīng)的影響,通帶效率會(huì)降低,不利于薄膜的高效制備。同濟(jì)大學(xué)焦宏飛等提出了一種消偏振長(zhǎng)波通濾光薄膜的設(shè)計(jì)初始結(jié)構(gòu),適當(dāng)優(yōu)化薄膜結(jié)構(gòu)后降低了層厚度誤差對(duì)光譜特性的敏感度[50]。圖2所示為兩種設(shè)計(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)與沉積實(shí)驗(yàn)的光譜曲線對(duì)比,實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,所提出的消偏振設(shè)計(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)誤差敏感性更低。

圖2
圖2新型消偏振結(jié)構(gòu)和基于F-P腔優(yōu)化結(jié)構(gòu)在45°入射的設(shè)計(jì)和制備光譜[50]

1.2基于監(jiān)控特性的魯棒性設(shè)計(jì)
在進(jìn)行薄膜的魯棒性設(shè)計(jì)時(shí),除了考慮沉積設(shè)備造成的隨機(jī)或系統(tǒng)誤差外,由薄膜生長(zhǎng)檢測(cè)引起的厚度誤差也是不容忽視的重要因素。這種厚度誤差量級(jí)很大程度上取決于監(jiān)控方式以及薄膜種類。因此其模擬更復(fù)雜[51],模擬中將沉積過(guò)程中的厚度誤差與監(jiān)測(cè)信號(hào)、沉積速率和擋板延遲等沉積參數(shù)關(guān)聯(lián),由此模擬程序生成的設(shè)計(jì)比純數(shù)值結(jié)果更加可靠。早在1972年,Macleod等就提出了一種將設(shè)計(jì)與光學(xué)監(jiān)控模擬結(jié)合生成的魯棒性設(shè)計(jì)[52]。然而30年后,Tikhonravov等才給出關(guān)于這種魯棒性設(shè)計(jì)的物理解釋,并基于此提出一種波分復(fù)用濾光薄膜的自動(dòng)化設(shè)計(jì)方法,再結(jié)合單波長(zhǎng)拐點(diǎn)監(jiān)控策略能夠獲得十分穩(wěn)定的生產(chǎn)結(jié)果[53]。Trubetskov等提出通過(guò)適當(dāng)約束如厚度、層數(shù)等條件,生成眾多可行的設(shè)計(jì),隨后進(jìn)行模擬沉積實(shí)驗(yàn),從中篩選出最佳設(shè)計(jì)[54]。人們將這一步驟稱為計(jì)算制造實(shí)驗(yàn)[55-56]。該方法不僅有助于選擇最佳設(shè)計(jì),而且為設(shè)計(jì)的工程反演和采用合適的膜厚監(jiān)控策略提供了重要信息。

1.3負(fù)濾光片的設(shè)計(jì)
負(fù)濾光片可選擇性地抑制波段,在較短波長(zhǎng)和較長(zhǎng)波長(zhǎng)處具有良好的透過(guò)率。Bovard等提出連續(xù)調(diào)制折射率的方法設(shè)計(jì)負(fù)濾光片[57],此方法可以實(shí)現(xiàn)優(yōu)異的光譜特性[58-59]。然而,梯度折射率濾光薄膜的實(shí)現(xiàn)和高效制備仍然是一個(gè)難題,無(wú)法普及[60]。采用兩種材料設(shè)計(jì)負(fù)濾光片是目前主流的方法,Thelen使用等效層概念開(kāi)發(fā)了一種在抑制帶兩側(cè)具有相對(duì)平滑的高透過(guò)率區(qū)域的負(fù)濾光片設(shè)計(jì)方法[61]。Yong基于天線理論的類比,描述了一種改善透過(guò)率的窄帶負(fù)濾光片設(shè)計(jì)方法[62]。然而,受材料折射率的限制,兩種材料中有非常薄的層,很難精確制備,需要采用離子束濺射技術(shù),這導(dǎo)致制備成本高,殘余應(yīng)力大等問(wèn)題。

同濟(jì)大學(xué)張錦龍等提出使用常規(guī)四分之一波膜堆的二次諧波的高反區(qū)域來(lái)設(shè)計(jì)負(fù)濾光片[63],如圖3所示,通過(guò)變跡法調(diào)制厚度可以有效抑制通帶的旁瓣,使用這種方法設(shè)計(jì)的負(fù)濾光片膜層厚度適中,能夠在沉積過(guò)程中進(jìn)行精確監(jiān)控。
圖3
圖3變跡法調(diào)制負(fù)濾光片的膜層結(jié)構(gòu)及設(shè)計(jì)光譜[63]

1.4抑制非均質(zhì)性半波孔的設(shè)計(jì)方法
除了鍍膜中可能產(chǎn)生的厚度誤差,材料參數(shù)的偏差也會(huì)嚴(yán)重影響薄膜的光譜特性。如電子束蒸發(fā)工藝制備的HfO2薄膜折射率具有非均質(zhì)性,導(dǎo)致短波通濾光片在二倍頻的導(dǎo)納發(fā)生顯著變化,破壞原有的匹配,產(chǎn)生半波孔現(xiàn)象[64]。一些研究指出,改變鍍膜沉積參數(shù)甚至沉積工藝有利于得到均勻薄膜[65-66]。然而,為了保證最佳的激光損傷特性,薄膜材料和沉積工藝參數(shù)無(wú)法改變。同濟(jì)大學(xué)焦宏飛等提出了兩種抑制半波孔影響的設(shè)計(jì)方法,一種是偏移中心波長(zhǎng)法(見(jiàn)圖4(a)),即通過(guò)回避半波孔的辦法來(lái)設(shè)計(jì)膜系,這種設(shè)計(jì)方法相對(duì)直接,結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單,缺點(diǎn)是透射帶寬較窄,且對(duì)沉積精度要求較高。另一種方法是通過(guò)導(dǎo)納補(bǔ)償法抑制半波孔(見(jiàn)圖4(b)),即將非均質(zhì)性為正(0.5LH0.5L)和非均質(zhì)性為負(fù)(HL)的兩種膜堆組合,合成后的新膜堆(0.5LH0.5LHL)在半波處與材料的非均質(zhì)性無(wú)關(guān)。
圖4
圖4(a)偏移中心波長(zhǎng)法得到的倍頻分離膜;(b)導(dǎo)納補(bǔ)償法得到的倍頻分離膜[67]

2高性能光學(xué)薄膜的精確制備技術(shù)
薄膜厚度的精確制備是高效率生產(chǎn)高光譜性能光學(xué)薄膜的核心。隨著光學(xué)薄膜理論的發(fā)展,監(jiān)控方式也從早期的目視法進(jìn)化為技術(shù)成熟的單波長(zhǎng)監(jiān)控、寬光譜監(jiān)控等光學(xué)監(jiān)控技術(shù)。光學(xué)監(jiān)控中,不同的監(jiān)控技術(shù)和監(jiān)控策略會(huì)引入不同特性的厚度誤差。因此,了解各類監(jiān)控的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)是選擇最佳生產(chǎn)策略的關(guān)鍵。

2.1單波長(zhǎng)監(jiān)控
單波長(zhǎng)監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)目前廣泛配備于各類真空鍍膜設(shè)備中,單波長(zhǎng)監(jiān)控策略也衍生出極值監(jiān)控策略、差值監(jiān)控策略和擺動(dòng)值監(jiān)控策略等[68]。直接單波長(zhǎng)拐點(diǎn)監(jiān)控策略的一大優(yōu)點(diǎn)是在制備由1/4波長(zhǎng)厚度或其厚度整數(shù)倍組成的窄帶濾光薄膜時(shí)表現(xiàn)出極強(qiáng)的誤差自補(bǔ)償效應(yīng)。因此,這一監(jiān)控技術(shù)被廣泛應(yīng)用于波分復(fù)用中濾光片的大量生產(chǎn)中[35]。Tikhonravov等為這種誤差自補(bǔ)償效應(yīng)提供了一種物理解釋[53],但這種監(jiān)控策略在制備非1/4監(jiān)控波長(zhǎng)光學(xué)厚度的多層薄膜時(shí)沒(méi)有明顯的優(yōu)勢(shì)。因此,非規(guī)整的多層薄膜通常采用單波長(zhǎng)擺動(dòng)值監(jiān)控策略。李正中等提出了一種選擇敏感監(jiān)控波長(zhǎng)的方法,可以對(duì)確定的光學(xué)薄膜設(shè)計(jì)生成監(jiān)控波長(zhǎng)序列,這種監(jiān)控策略可以有效削弱監(jiān)控誤差對(duì)光學(xué)特性的負(fù)面影響[69]。張錦龍等在間接單波長(zhǎng)監(jiān)控制備高性能薄膜的研制中,通過(guò)設(shè)計(jì)-制造-反演分析的制造流程,獲得了制造過(guò)程中薄膜誤差的演化規(guī)律,進(jìn)而改進(jìn)單波長(zhǎng)監(jiān)控序列,成功制備了具有數(shù)十層結(jié)構(gòu)的高性能光學(xué)薄膜[70],如圖5所示。

間接單波長(zhǎng)監(jiān)控一個(gè)明顯的缺點(diǎn)是必須要抓取準(zhǔn)確的Tooling值以重新計(jì)算薄膜厚度。直接單波長(zhǎng)監(jiān)控則可以避免這類問(wèn)題,但是其缺點(diǎn)是層厚度誤差會(huì)隨著監(jiān)控層數(shù)的增加而累積,即誤差累積效應(yīng)[71]。Zöller等提出一種結(jié)合間接和直接監(jiān)控優(yōu)點(diǎn)的綜合監(jiān)控方式,將原固定的直接監(jiān)控片改進(jìn)成監(jiān)控芯片切換器,這種切換器一次可安裝4個(gè)監(jiān)控片,從而抑止誤差累積效應(yīng)的發(fā)展[72]。另一項(xiàng)研究表明,采用非拐點(diǎn)監(jiān)控策略制備非規(guī)整多層薄膜時(shí)存在誤差自補(bǔ)償效應(yīng),通過(guò)短波通濾光薄膜的計(jì)算制造實(shí)驗(yàn)證明,擺動(dòng)值監(jiān)控策略比電平監(jiān)控策略的誤差自補(bǔ)償效應(yīng)更強(qiáng)[73]。
圖5
圖5(a)修正Tooling值后制備光譜與理論高度吻合;(b)由逆向工程反演確定低折射率層的相對(duì)誤差[70]

2.2寬光譜監(jiān)控
沉積過(guò)程中監(jiān)測(cè)生長(zhǎng)薄膜的光譜透過(guò)率的技術(shù)發(fā)展可以追溯到20世紀(jì)60年代初,Vidal等[74]將半自動(dòng)單色儀與沉積設(shè)備耦合,對(duì)置于夾具中心的基板的光譜特性進(jìn)行重復(fù)測(cè)試,但當(dāng)時(shí)計(jì)算機(jī)性能較低,只能分析測(cè)試光譜的部分?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)點(diǎn)。隨著計(jì)算機(jī)的發(fā)展,1994年Tilsch等[75]首次將光譜測(cè)試應(yīng)用在離子束濺射系統(tǒng)中。由于緊湊型分光光度計(jì)和高速CCD相機(jī)的發(fā)展,在線寬光譜監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)集成到先進(jìn)的鍍膜設(shè)備中[76]。圖6為配有直接寬光譜監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)的離子束濺射設(shè)備示意圖。
圖6
圖6配有直接寬光譜監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)的離子束濺射設(shè)備示意圖

近年來(lái),寬光譜監(jiān)控技術(shù)成為研究熱點(diǎn),主要原因是寬光譜監(jiān)控很好地解決了非規(guī)整膜系的監(jiān)控難題[77-78]。與單波長(zhǎng)監(jiān)控相比,寬光譜監(jiān)控具有對(duì)測(cè)量數(shù)據(jù)隨機(jī)誤差靈敏度低的優(yōu)點(diǎn)[79]。除此之外,直接寬光譜監(jiān)控還存在兩個(gè)重要特征,一種是厚度誤差隨層數(shù)的增加而累積[80],在對(duì)一種40層短波通濾光片的模擬沉積中發(fā)現(xiàn),隨著膜層數(shù)的增加,厚度誤差水平逐漸升高,后面層的相對(duì)厚度誤差是前幾層的近10倍[68]。另一種重要的特征是厚度誤差的相關(guān)性,先前層的監(jiān)控誤差會(huì)影響監(jiān)控信號(hào),導(dǎo)致當(dāng)前層的誤差依賴于先前層的誤差,厚度誤差相關(guān)性的積極作用是產(chǎn)生厚度誤差自補(bǔ)償效應(yīng)[81]。Pelletier等在對(duì)非規(guī)整的多層膜進(jìn)行計(jì)算制造時(shí)首次發(fā)現(xiàn)寬光譜監(jiān)控中誤差的自補(bǔ)償效應(yīng)[82]。2017年,Zhupanov等證明寬光譜監(jiān)控中存在極強(qiáng)的誤差自補(bǔ)償效應(yīng)[83]。由ZrO2和SiO2兩種材料設(shè)計(jì)一種布儒斯特角偏振濾光薄膜,由于ZrO2薄膜的折射率存在不穩(wěn)定性,因此ZrO2薄膜折射率的變化也會(huì)引起較大的厚度誤差。實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示,厚度誤差隨著沉積誤差數(shù)量的增加,可以清晰地觀察到誤差累積效應(yīng),部分膜層的相對(duì)厚度誤差高達(dá)16%,如此大的厚度誤差會(huì)導(dǎo)致光譜性能完全失效。然而,由于監(jiān)控過(guò)程將層厚度誤差關(guān)聯(lián)在一起,從而提供了非常強(qiáng)的誤差自補(bǔ)償效應(yīng),最終成功制備了偏振片。

后續(xù)研究指出,不同類型的光學(xué)薄膜都可能存在誤差自補(bǔ)償效應(yīng)[84]。這種效應(yīng)不僅取決于光學(xué)薄膜的類型,而且取決于光學(xué)薄膜設(shè)計(jì)的具體選擇。因此,對(duì)光譜特性接近的薄膜設(shè)計(jì),進(jìn)行預(yù)生產(chǎn)分析,選擇最合適寬光譜監(jiān)控策略,以提升復(fù)雜的光學(xué)薄膜制備成功率。莫斯科國(guó)立大學(xué)計(jì)算研究中心認(rèn)識(shí)到由光學(xué)監(jiān)控引起的各膜層厚度誤差之間存在相關(guān)性,厚度誤差相關(guān)性可能是引起誤差自補(bǔ)償效應(yīng)的直接原因[85],并提出了一種評(píng)估厚度誤差相關(guān)性強(qiáng)度的方法[86]。
圖7
圖7(a)偏振片生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中的厚度誤差;(b)此誤差下S和P偏振光的透過(guò)率曲線(實(shí)線),沒(méi)有厚度誤差的S和P偏振光的透過(guò)率曲線(虛線);5種厚度誤差誤差不相關(guān)且平均誤差與a相同的設(shè)計(jì);(c)S偏振光的透過(guò)率曲線;(d)P偏振光的透過(guò)率曲線[83]

同濟(jì)大學(xué)團(tuán)隊(duì)則通過(guò)計(jì)算制造與真實(shí)沉積實(shí)驗(yàn),驗(yàn)證了基于諧振腔結(jié)構(gòu)的超陡度二向色鏡在直接寬光譜監(jiān)控條件下具有較強(qiáng)的誤差自補(bǔ)償效應(yīng)。如圖8所示,采用直接寬光譜監(jiān)控制備的高敏感性超陡度二向色鏡的設(shè)計(jì)細(xì)節(jié)、模擬和測(cè)試結(jié)果,最終制得陡度為8nm,透過(guò)效率為95.01%,反射效率為95.52%的超陡度二向色鏡。除此之外,我們通過(guò)厚度誤差相關(guān)與非相關(guān)沉積實(shí)驗(yàn)比較,證明了厚度誤差相關(guān)性在誤差自補(bǔ)償效應(yīng)中的積極作用[87],如圖9所示。

圖8
圖8(a)超陡度二向色鏡的設(shè)計(jì);(b)膜層敏感性分析;(c)基于模擬計(jì)算預(yù)測(cè)誤差自補(bǔ)償效應(yīng)強(qiáng)度;(d)寬光譜監(jiān)控制備二向色鏡的理論和實(shí)際結(jié)果對(duì)比[87]

圖9
圖9(a)沉積膜層的層厚度相對(duì)誤差(RUN1厚度誤差相關(guān),RUN2厚度誤差非相關(guān));(b)厚度誤差相關(guān)沉積實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果;(c)厚度誤差非相關(guān)沉積實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果

2.3其他監(jiān)控方式
光學(xué)薄膜的光譜性能要求越來(lái)越高,傳統(tǒng)的光學(xué)監(jiān)控方式已無(wú)法成為現(xiàn)代光學(xué)薄膜最有效的監(jiān)控手段。例如,色散鏡是超快激光系統(tǒng)中控制色散的關(guān)鍵元件,其色散帶寬和調(diào)控能力都被嚴(yán)格要求。傳統(tǒng)的光學(xué)監(jiān)控方式僅能通過(guò)記錄的透過(guò)率/反射率信息優(yōu)化膜層的光學(xué)參數(shù)或厚度,無(wú)法提供足夠的自由度來(lái)完全補(bǔ)償GDD中發(fā)生的偏差。德國(guó)漢諾威激光中心將邁克爾遜干涉儀與IBS鍍膜設(shè)備相結(jié)合,實(shí)現(xiàn)了在沉積過(guò)程中對(duì)光學(xué)薄膜的群延遲色散進(jìn)行原位測(cè)量[88]。圖10為相位測(cè)試系統(tǒng)的示意圖。
圖10
圖10相位測(cè)試系統(tǒng)的示意圖[88]

除此之外,混合監(jiān)控策略是制備高光譜性能光學(xué)薄膜的重要手段。在制備復(fù)雜的多層膜時(shí),部分膜層采用光學(xué)監(jiān)控,其他層的沉積則使用非光學(xué)監(jiān)控方式進(jìn)行,通常包括石英晶振監(jiān)控或者時(shí)間監(jiān)控。德國(guó)MaxPlank研究所在磁控濺射方面的研究表明,采用時(shí)間監(jiān)控方式在制備應(yīng)用于超短脈沖激光器的色散薄膜方面具有突出的可靠性[89]。中國(guó)科學(xué)院上海技術(shù)物理研究所采用單波長(zhǎng)與時(shí)間監(jiān)控混合模式,成功研制出應(yīng)用于空間儀器,效率在70%左右的亞納米帶寬的光學(xué)薄膜器件[90]。

同濟(jì)大學(xué)團(tuán)隊(duì)系統(tǒng)研究了石英監(jiān)控誤差的來(lái)源,明確系統(tǒng)誤差是造成薄膜光學(xué)性能下降的主要原因,并通過(guò)修正系統(tǒng)誤差實(shí)現(xiàn)了超寬帶增透薄膜制造[91]。隨后,我們應(yīng)用雙離子束濺射技術(shù),采用寬光譜監(jiān)控與時(shí)間監(jiān)控策略,成功制備兩種折射率材料光學(xué)厚度比接近10∶1,超薄層為15nm的四通道負(fù)濾光薄膜。還結(jié)合單波長(zhǎng)監(jiān)控與時(shí)間監(jiān)控,實(shí)現(xiàn)了寬帶截止的窄帶濾光片的精確制備。值得一提的是,通過(guò)對(duì)行星系統(tǒng)掩膜板的高精度修正,210mm口徑內(nèi)的薄膜均勻性可控制在0.1%以內(nèi)。

圖11
圖11(a)應(yīng)用石英晶振監(jiān)控技術(shù)制備寬帶增透薄膜[91];(b)應(yīng)用混合監(jiān)控模式成功制備四通道負(fù)濾光片;(c)210mm大口徑窄帶濾光元件;(d)寬帶外截止的超窄帶帶濾光片(210mm口徑內(nèi)中心波長(zhǎng)偏差小于0.1%)

3混合膜及rugate薄膜制備技術(shù)
由一系列具有恒定光學(xué)性質(zhì)的離散層組成的層結(jié)構(gòu),只能代表一種特殊的光學(xué)薄膜。因此,光學(xué)薄膜可以理解為折射率在深度上任意連續(xù)變化的結(jié)構(gòu)?;诖耍梢詫?shí)現(xiàn)一種理想的抗反射薄膜結(jié)構(gòu),其折射率從基板不斷下降到環(huán)境的折射率。漸變性設(shè)計(jì)除了可以實(shí)現(xiàn)優(yōu)異的光譜性能外,在溫度和激光穩(wěn)定性方面更具優(yōu)勢(shì)[92]。這類具有連續(xù)變化折射率的光學(xué)薄膜被稱為Rugate薄膜。

3.1混合膜的制備
針對(duì)Rugate薄膜,科研人員對(duì)已有的光學(xué)薄膜制備技術(shù)開(kāi)展了大量的研究,以確定合適的生產(chǎn)策略。漸變折射率的技術(shù)實(shí)現(xiàn),通常采用共沉積兩種材料混合膜或兩種反應(yīng)氣體組分的工藝。日本NTT應(yīng)用電子實(shí)驗(yàn)室將兩種反應(yīng)氣體的混合,利用濺射技術(shù)制備了具有確定X組分的(SiO2)X(Si3N4)1-X混合膜,并將其成功應(yīng)用于減反射薄膜的制備中[93]。德國(guó)漢諾威激光中心應(yīng)用兩個(gè)獨(dú)立的電子束蒸發(fā)源,實(shí)現(xiàn)了對(duì)兩種材料沉積速率的獨(dú)立控制,大大提升了材料混合比例的可控性[92]。此外,離子束共濺射技術(shù)也應(yīng)用于混合膜和Rugate薄膜的生產(chǎn)中[94]。圖12給出了共濺射和共蒸發(fā)工藝制備混合膜示意圖。
圖12
圖12離子束共濺射[94]及電子束共蒸發(fā)工藝制備混合膜示意圖

現(xiàn)有研究表明,利用共蒸發(fā)、共濺射等制備工藝在折射率薄膜中摻雜非晶、低吸收、寬帶隙的低折射率材料形成混合膜,不僅可以有效抑制薄膜結(jié)晶,降低薄膜的吸收,還可以拓寬薄膜的能帶隙,提高薄膜的本征損傷閾值[95-96]。Tokas[97]等報(bào)道了EB-Hf1-xSixO2混合膜在不同SiO2組分下的形態(tài)演變規(guī)律,認(rèn)為Hf1-xSixO2混合膜不僅可以抑制薄膜的結(jié)晶,優(yōu)化薄膜的微觀結(jié)構(gòu),從而有效降低紫外反射薄膜的散射損耗,還可以拓寬薄膜的能帶隙。Jensen[98]等通過(guò)實(shí)驗(yàn)證明IBSHf1-xSixO2混合膜可以有效降低HfO2薄膜吸收,提升薄膜在納秒和飛秒脈沖作用下的激光損傷閾值。Lappschies等通過(guò)比較納米層與共濺射層制備的厚度一致的單層膜,證明共濺射制備的三元氧化物的帶隙向UV區(qū)偏移了近20nm,如圖13所示。這種帶隙向短波偏移的特性為提高紫外光譜范圍高功率激光薄膜的研制開(kāi)辟了道路[99]。

圖13
圖13由TiO2和SiO2制備的納米層與共濺射層的透射光譜與純TiO2薄膜的消光系數(shù)比較[99]

同濟(jì)大學(xué)團(tuán)隊(duì)系統(tǒng)地研究了SiO2摻雜含量和退火溫度對(duì)Hf1-xSixO2混合膜的微觀結(jié)構(gòu)特性的影響[100],在共蒸發(fā)工藝實(shí)現(xiàn)了對(duì)SiO2摻雜比例的精確控制。圖14展示了一系列不同SiO2組分Hf1-xSixO2混合膜的光學(xué)參數(shù)。此外,同濟(jì)大學(xué)還建立了Hf1-xSixO2薄膜表面形貌、表面粗糙度以及薄膜散射損耗之間的耦合關(guān)系,明確了薄膜結(jié)構(gòu)缺陷、化學(xué)計(jì)量比失調(diào)缺陷與薄膜吸收之間的聯(lián)系,成功制備了低吸收、低散射損耗和高光譜效率的高性能反射薄膜。

圖14
圖14采用Optilayer擬合得到的不同SiO2組分Hf1-xSixO2混合膜的折射率[100]及消光系數(shù)

3.2 Rugate濾光薄膜
基于混合膜制備工藝的研究基礎(chǔ),迄今為止已經(jīng)形成幾種有效的沉積方法來(lái)制備梯度折射率層。俄勒岡州立大學(xué)團(tuán)隊(duì)采用等離子體增強(qiáng)化學(xué)氣相沉積方法,以SiH4,N2和N2O為反應(yīng)氣體制備了折射率從1.48~2.05呈正弦變化的ru?gate濾光薄膜[101]。Tang等提出用兩級(jí)高速反應(yīng)濺射法制備由TaxSiyOz非均質(zhì)薄膜組成的rugate濾光薄膜,最終制備的負(fù)rugate濾光薄膜具有低吸收和非晶性質(zhì),并且光譜特性優(yōu)良,如圖15所示[102]。

圖15
圖15兩級(jí)高速反應(yīng)濺射法制備的窄帶負(fù)Rugate濾光片的光譜特性[102]

德國(guó)漢諾威激光中心將離子束共濺射技術(shù)與寬光譜監(jiān)控技術(shù)完美結(jié)合,對(duì)混合材料厚度進(jìn)行精確控制,Rugate薄膜的理論光譜與制備結(jié)果具有良好的一致性。圖16為中心波長(zhǎng)為800nm,帶寬40nm,0~55°的全向抗反射薄膜。

圖16
圖16測(cè)試與設(shè)計(jì)的159層全向抗反射薄膜光譜及全向抗反射薄膜800nm處的角譜[94]

同濟(jì)大學(xué)團(tuán)隊(duì)提出了一種改進(jìn)的傅里葉變換合成方法,該方法首先固定有效控制折射率范圍的二次Q位相,通過(guò)迭代法改變光譜函數(shù),提高了傅里葉變換設(shè)計(jì)方法的通用性,保證了設(shè)計(jì)結(jié)果的準(zhǔn)確性和可制備性[103]。圖17展示了在限制折射率的條件下,經(jīng)過(guò)170次迭代理想光譜與合成光譜之間基本重合。

圖17
圖17類屋反射器的折射率分布和反射光譜[103]

此外,同濟(jì)大學(xué)團(tuán)隊(duì)提出通過(guò)傾斜沉積控制薄膜孔隙率,從而生長(zhǎng)出具有正弦波折射率特征的Rugate薄膜的工藝[104]。圖18展示了利用傾斜沉積技術(shù)實(shí)現(xiàn)多阻帶濾光薄膜的設(shè)計(jì),這種方法的優(yōu)勢(shì)是僅需要單一材料就可以實(shí)現(xiàn)多阻帶濾光薄膜制備,不過(guò)傾斜薄膜的控制精度有待進(jìn)一步提升。
圖18
圖18多阻帶Rugate薄膜的設(shè)計(jì)和透射光譜[104]

4結(jié)論與展望
高性能光學(xué)薄膜的高效、確定性制備一直是光學(xué)薄膜領(lǐng)域的難點(diǎn)問(wèn)題和研究熱點(diǎn)。近幾十年來(lái),在重大光學(xué)工程、光學(xué)產(chǎn)業(yè)需求的牽引下,無(wú)論是高性能光學(xué)薄膜的設(shè)計(jì)理念還是復(fù)雜薄膜結(jié)構(gòu)的精確制備技術(shù)都取得了長(zhǎng)足的進(jìn)步和發(fā)展。本文回顧了用于高性能光學(xué)薄膜的魯棒性設(shè)計(jì)方法,對(duì)制造誤差的脫敏性設(shè)計(jì)是一個(gè)具有實(shí)際意義的重要課題。早期,薄膜脫敏性設(shè)計(jì)是通過(guò)添加懲罰項(xiàng)來(lái)約束薄膜光學(xué)性能對(duì)隨機(jī)誤差的靈敏度,然而這種設(shè)計(jì)缺少對(duì)沉積過(guò)程中誤差因素的考慮。目前,考慮真實(shí)沉積誤差(監(jiān)控誤差、速率波動(dòng)、擋板延遲等其他相關(guān)參數(shù))對(duì)目標(biāo)光譜性能影響的優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)已經(jīng)實(shí)現(xiàn)。

高性能光學(xué)薄膜的精確制備離不開(kāi)光學(xué)監(jiān)控的發(fā)展,到目前為止,各種各樣的光學(xué)監(jiān)控策略被提出,然而沒(méi)有一種通用的策略可以在所有情況下提供精確的厚度監(jiān)控。本文介紹了監(jiān)控策略的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn),可以幫助做出正確的選擇,對(duì)于某些類型的光學(xué)薄膜,監(jiān)控策略的選擇與光學(xué)薄膜的設(shè)計(jì)相關(guān),例如多腔窄帶濾光薄膜?;诖死砟睿?jì)算制造實(shí)驗(yàn)在現(xiàn)代光學(xué)薄膜生產(chǎn)中發(fā)揮著越來(lái)越重要的作用。計(jì)算制造實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)軌蚍从吵稣`差累積、厚度誤差相關(guān)性、誤差自補(bǔ)償?shù)纫幌盗行畔ⅲ@些信息不僅有利于薄膜魯棒性設(shè)計(jì),而且為定制合適的膜厚監(jiān)控策略提供了重要參考,最大限度地減少研發(fā)和迭代的時(shí)間。

折射率隨深度任意連續(xù)變化的Rugate薄膜的制備是另一挑戰(zhàn)?;旌夏ぷ鳛橐环N折射率可控的特殊材料,可以用于制備Rugate薄膜,為光學(xué)薄膜的設(shè)計(jì)提供了新的自由度。在離子束共濺射工藝基礎(chǔ)上,我們成功將寬光譜監(jiān)控應(yīng)用于rugate薄膜的制備。

在未來(lái),薄膜設(shè)計(jì)和監(jiān)控方式的協(xié)同優(yōu)化會(huì)成為高光譜性能薄膜的基礎(chǔ),光學(xué)監(jiān)控策略和數(shù)據(jù)分析算法的進(jìn)步將實(shí)現(xiàn)更高精度薄膜的監(jiān)控,納米復(fù)合材料、微結(jié)構(gòu)材料等新型薄膜材料生長(zhǎng)技術(shù)也會(huì)推動(dòng)高光譜性能薄膜的發(fā)展。

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